Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• capsules from high osmotic pressure and for encapsulation of macromolecules [32]. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) cores have been widely used with many combinations of weak PEs to fabricate hollow capsules as in case of PAH/PMA capsules, Figure 2e [29]. More recently, hybrid CaCO3 templates built in with other

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Miri, Sarawak 98009, Malaysia 10.3762/bjnano.11.21 Abstract Cuttlefish bones are an inexpensive source of calcium carbonate, which are produced in large amounts by the marine food industry, leading to environmental contamination and waste. The

• nontoxicity, worldwide availability and low production cost of cuttlefish bone products makes them an excellent calcium carbonate precursor for the fabrication of hydroxyapatite. In the present study, a novel oil-bath-mediated precipitation method was introduced for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (Hap

• inorganic part of cuttlefish bone contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of aragonite, along with other minerals such as sodium, magnesium, and strontium as trace elements, and these minerals play a substantial role in the bone healing process [12][13]. The main advantage of using cuttlefish bone

Long-term entrapment and temperature-controlled-release of SF₆ gas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

• Hana Bunzen,
• Andreas Kalytta-Mewes,
• Leo van Wüllen and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1851–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.180

• to obtain kinetic parameters during a mass loss [30][31]. Until now it has been mainly used to study organic polymers (e.g., poly(ethylene) and poly(styrene)) and simple inorganic compounds (e.g., calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate) [31]. Here we used the method to estimate the activation energy

Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• -2 database [00-009-0432] (Table 2). An additional tricalcium silicate phase (ICDD 00-070-1846, Ca3SiO5; 9.13%) [58] was found in HApSA+Si. Both CaHAP300 and CaHFAP300 had a high content of calcium carbonate (ICDD 00-072-1937, CaCO3: 41.22% and 47.84%, respectively) [59]. CaHFAP300 also had a

• fluorite phase (ICDD 00-075-0363, CaF2 11.36%) [60]. The carbonate content may be associated with unreacted calcium carbonate derived from incomplete product synthesis. Deviations from the expected chemical compositions of the mentioned samples explained the different zeta potential values (due to the

Bioinspired self-healing materials: lessons from nature

• Joseph C. Cremaldi and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 907–935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.85

• typically from chitin, cuticle (a chitin–protein composite material), or calcium carbonate [67]. Figure 5A shows the various layers that compose the epidermis and exoskeleton [68]. Secretion of exoskeletal material adds to the exoskeleton’s thickness, growing the exoskeleton from within [26]. This very

The cleaner, the greener? Product sustainability assessment of the biomimetic façade paint Lotusan^® in comparison to the conventional façade paint Jumbosil^®

• Florian Antony,
• Rainer Grießhammer,
• Thomas Speck and
• Olga Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2100–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.200

• , dispersion-based façade paint. In accordance with the reporting guideline [31], Jumbosil® consists of polymer dispersion, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, silicate fillers, talcum, water, glycol ether, aliphatic compounds, additives and preserving agents [33]. Jumbosil® is characterized by a density of

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• [56][57], with some modifications: instead of one polyanionic layer on the surface of microcapsules, a layer of negatively charged O-dots was used (Figure 8). Calcium carbonate microparticles were used as the template for fabrication of the nanocomposite shells. The first polyelectrolyte layer was

• the following layers: PAH/PSS/PAH/O-dots/PAH/PSS (Figure 8). The core–polyelectrolyte particles were washed three times with deionized water after each adsorption step. Finally, the calcium carbonate cores were dissolved in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 30 min. The microcapsules were

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• porosity and permeability as measured in Gurley seconds: substrate 1 (>40000 Gurley seconds, semi-permeable, two coating layers ), substrate 2 (7360 Gurley seconds, permeable, calcium carbonate (major component) and kaolin coating) and substrate 3 (non-permeable, latex coating). The PEG-decorated GNS were

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• ) (PLLA) were alternately adsorbed directly on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) templates and on poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) multilayer precursors in order to fabricate a novel layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. A single layer of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) was used as a linker

• deposition. The multilayer structure (PSS/PAH)4/PSS/PLL(PDLA/PLLA)3/PSS was built on calcium carbonate cores, and then moved from acetonitrile to water. A drop of the aqueous dispersion was let to evaporate at room temperature. In this sample, the structure of the calcium carbonate core is visible in some

• points where no shell is present. The different morphologies between the bare calcium carbonate core and the coated surface can be clearly noticed, confirming the successful assembly of the capsule shell. Since particles coated with (PSS/PAH)4/PSS/PLL(PDLA/PLLA)3 and (PSS/PAH)4/PSS/PLL(PDLA/PLLA)3/PSS

Thermal energy storage – overview and specific insight into nitrate salts for sensible and latent heat storage

• Nicole Pfleger,
• Thomas Bauer,
• Claudia Martin,
• Markus Eck and
• Antje Wörner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1487–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.154

• temperature range between 285 to 450 °C were performed. The heat transfer medium Hitec XL® was used. The material tests of the quartzite rocks as well as sand were successful, apart from the observed calcium carbonate crust formation in the high temperature tests. Implementations in commercial-scale solar

• power plants do not exist so far because of concerns due to the calcium carbonate crust formation and its treatment in a large scale thermal storage unit. The stability of the filler material is influenced by the molten salt (Solar Salt, HITEC XL®, etc.) and by the maximum operation temperature. In the

Biopolymer colloids for controlling and templating inorganic synthesis

• Laura C. Preiss,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2129–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.222

• by Müller et al. [31]. From the mineral side, the most investigated systems are by far the calcium minerals because of their biological importance: calcium carbonate [16][17][18][20][32], calcium oxalate [23][24][25][26][33], and calcium phosphates (including hydroxyapatite) [22]. Nevertheless

• groups were shown to have an effect on the growth and on the final properties of inorganic materials such as zinc oxide [40][41], calcium oxalate [38], or calcium carbonate [42][43]. It is expectable that analogous effects should be obtained when biopolymeric (or synthetic biomimetic chains) are attached

• higher catalytic activity than bulk tungsten trioxide. Other materials, such as cobalt-Prussian blue nanoparticles [75], Zn–Al layered double hydroxide [76], hydroxyapatite [77], and calcium carbonate [78], were also prepared within, or in the presence of, chitosan gels. In a biological approach, calcium

Real-time monitoring of calcium carbonate and cationic peptide deposition on carboxylate-SAM using a microfluidic SAW biosensor

• Anna Pohl and
• Ingrid M. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1823–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.193

• the interaction of calcium carbonate with standard carboxylate self-assembled monolayer sensor chips. Different fluids, with and without biomolecular components, were investigated. The pH-dependent surface interactions of two bio-inspired cationic peptides, AS8 and ES9, which are similar to an

• acoustic wave biosensors to significantly expand our experimental capabilities for studying the principles underlying biomineralization in vitro. Keywords: biomineralization; calcium carbonate; love-type surface acoustic wave; poly-cationic peptide; Introduction Biomineralization is a natural process of

• , especially from native shell extracts [40], but even from recombinant sources [41][42]. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of microfluidic SAW biosensor systems with respect to elucidating the interaction between small biomolecules and calcium carbonate, one of the most common

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• ] [48]. Cellulose-based hybrid materials with calcium carbonate [49], copper oxide [50], or calcium silicate [51] have been grown in [Bmim][Cl]. Finally, there is a report on the synthesis of cellulose/calcium phosphate composites using ILs [52]. The authors of this study, however, did not grow

• inorganic matter in the IL, but dispersed prefabricated hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles into a solution of cellulose in [Bmim][Cl] to form composites with limited homogeneity. Besides the approaches introduced above, [Bmim][Cl] has also been used for calcium carbonate precipitation [53]. [Bmim][Cl] is

• inorganic biomaterials such as calcium phosphate, possibly for toxicity concerns [66][67]. The only examples the authors are currently aware of is an interesting study by de Zea Bermudez and colleagues, who have reported strong effects on the morphology of calcium carbonate but, interestingly, not on the

Direct nanoscale observations of the coupled dissolution of calcite and dolomite and the precipitation of gypsum

• Francesco G. Offeddu,
• Jordi Cama,
• Josep M. Soler and
• Christine V. Putnis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1245–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.138

• amounts of synthetic gypsum can precipitate during industrial processes involving the reaction between calcite and sulfuric acid [26]. The motivation of this study is to learn about the overall process of calcium carbonate mineral (calcite and dolomite) dissolution and gypsum precipitation in acid sulfate

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• Xiaohong Wang Heinz C. Schroder Werner E. G. Muller ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.72 Abstract Calcium carbonate

• is the material that builds up the spicules of the calcareous sponges. Recent results revealed that the calcium carbonate/biocalcite-based spicular skeleton of these animals is formed through an enzymatic mechanism, such as the skeleton of the siliceous sponges, evolutionarily the oldest animals that

• consist of biosilica. The enzyme that mediates the calcium carbonate deposition has been identified as a carbonic anhydrase (CA) and has been cloned from the calcareous sponge species Sycon raphanus. Calcium carbonate deposits are also found in vertebrate bones besides the main constituent, calcium

Magnesiothermic conversion of the silica-mineralizing golden algae Mallomonas caudata and Synura petersenii to elemental silicon with high geometric precision

• Janina Petrack,
• Steffen Jost,
• Jens Boenigk and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 554–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.65

• and hierarchical forms [8][9][10][11][12]. These porous biominerals can serve as template for chemical conversion reactions, such as the calcium carbonate skeleton of sea urchins or the silica cases of diatoms [8][13]. In 2002, such a conversion reaction was first described in which biominerals were

Nano-FTIR chemical mapping of minerals in biological materials

• Sergiu Amarie,
• Paul Zaslansky,
• Yusuke Kajihara,
• Erika Griesshaber,
• Wolfgang W. Schmahl and
• Fritz Keilmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 312–323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.35

• inorganic particles embedded in organic matrices [15][16][17]. Major tissues of interest include the phosphatic (bone) family of materials, and the carbonatic family as found, e.g., in mollusc shells. Within the phylum Brachiopoda, both strategies of hybrid shell architecture have evolved: Calcium carbonate

• shown in Figure 5). The spectra in Figure 3b and Figure 3c (and also the extracted averaged spectral profiles in Figure 4) are dominated by a single, sharp resonance, which differs in frequency position for orthorhombic aragonite (855 cm−1) and trigonal calcite (873 cm−1), and thus both calcium

• carbonate polymorphs can be readily distinguished. The biocalcite spectra show no spectral shift within a given crystal, either upon comparison of neighboring crystals of the same type, or with changes in topographic height as seen with the three leftmost (biocalcite) crystals in Figure 3. Intriguingly, we

Detection of interaction between biomineralising proteins and calcium carbonate microcrystals

• Hanna Rademaker and
• Malte Launspach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 222–227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.26

• brittle calcium carbonate mineral platelets embedded in a mechanically weak organic layer, nature has created a tough material. For recent reviews dealing with biomineralisation and especially nacre consult [2] and [3]. The fracture resistance of the whole shell and especially nacre, which consists of

• unspecific binding seems unlikely, since lanes A and C (Figure 4) show no difference in intensity. Verification of a specific binding would be most interesting, because this would be evidence that protein–mineral interaction guide polymorph selection and morphology of the calcium carbonate crystals. This

• on the molecular to atomic scale and conducting further experiments. Experimental As we stated several times above, the detection of interaction between biomineralising proteins and calcium carbonate microcrystals in this study is based on a modified approach from [1]. The main differences between